A breath of fresh air for emphysema research

TOKYO MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNIVERSITY

IMAGE: LOSS OF FCHSD1 LEADS TO AMELIORATION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A. 2021 JUN 29;118(26): E2019167118.

CREDIT: DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNE REGULATION, TMDU

Tokyo, Japan – Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes illness and death worldwide. It is characterized by the destruction of the walls of tiny air sacs in the lungs, known as emphysema, and a decline in lung function. Little has been known about the mechanisms by which it begins to develop. But now, researchers from Japan have found a protein that promotes the development of the early stages of emphysema, with the potential to be a therapeutic target.

COPD can be triggered by environmental factors such as cigarette smoking that result in lung inflammation. The development of inflammation involves the movement of molecules inside cells, and this “intracellular trafficking” is known to be associated with some diseases. The team searched for COPD-related proteins that are involved in trafficking and identified a protein called FCHSD1, which is associated with some diseases but with no currently known role in lung function.

It is possible to create a mouse model of emphysema by treating mice with an enzyme called elastase. The team developed a mouse line that was missing the FCHSD1 protein and studied the responses of these mice in comparison with normal mice when emphysema was induced. Normal mice showed a large increase in FCHSD1 after treatment, while mice lacking FCHSD1 were protected from the development of emphysema. These mice showed less airspace expansion owing to damage to the air sacs in the lungs, and had less inflammation and cell death, known as apoptosis.

The researchers went on to investigate the molecular mechanism by which FCHSD1 acts. A protein called NRF2 moves into the nucleus in response to stress and acts to defend against it. However, FCHSD1 binds to NRF2 and prevents it from moving into the nucleus. “Mice with an FCHSD1 deficiency showed enhanced nuclear translocation of NRF2 and a smaller reduction in SIRT1 levels, which is seen to occur as emphysema develops,” explains lead author Takahiro Kawasaki, “and this reduced inflammation and apoptosis of lung cells.”

A potential therapy for COPD could therefore be to increase the activity of NRF2 to counteract FCHSD1. There are treatments currently available that target NRF2, and it may be that inhibiting FCHSD1 at the same time as targeting NRF2 could make these treatments more effective and prevent systemic complications. “Our findings may also lead to a specific therapeutic strategy to ameliorate, or even halt, the progression of emphysema by inhibiting FCHSD1,” says Takashi Satoh, senior author of the paper.

COPD is a highly significant disease. The discovery of this mechanism by which FCHSD1 acts to promote the development of emphysema could lead to new treatments for many people.