It was wartime and food was scarce. Leaders of England’s effort to wage war and help the public survive during World War II needed to know: Were the rations in lifeboats adequate for survival at sea? And, among several experiments important for public as well as military heath, how much vitamin C did a person need to avoid the deadly disease scurvy?
In one experiment at the Sorby Research Institute in Sheffield, called the “shipwreck” experiment, volunteers were fed only what the navy carried in lifeboats. The grueling experiment resulted in more water and less food being carried in lifeboats.
“…AN AVERAGE DAILY VITAMIN C INTAKE OF 95 MG IS REQUIRED TO PREVENT WEAK SCAR STRENGTH FOR 97.5% OF THE POPULATION.”
One of the more robust experiments involving human subjects during this time in England, which has had long-lasting public health consequences, was a vitamin C depletion study started in 1944, also at Sorby. This medical experiment involved 20 subjects, most of whom were conscientious objectors living in the building where many experiments, including the shipwreck experiment, took place. A future Nobel Prize winner oversaw the study, and the researchers kept detailed data on each participant.
“The vitamin C experiment is a shocking study,” says Philippe Hujoel, lead author of a new analysis of the Sorby vitamin C experiment, a practicing dentist, and professor of oral health sciences in the University of Washington School of Dentistry. “They depleted people’s vitamin C levels long-term and created life-threatening emergencies. It would never fly now.”
Even though two trial participants developed life-threatening heart problems because of the vitamin C depletion, Hujoel adds, none of the subjects suffered permanent harm, and in later interviews several participants said they would volunteer again given the importance of the research.
Because of the war and food shortages, there was not enough vitamin C available, and they wanted to be conservative with the supplies, explains Hujoel, who is also an adjunct professor of epidemiology. The goal of the Sorby investigators was not to determine the required vitamin C intake for optimal health; it was to find out the minimum vitamin C requirements for preventing scurvy.
VITAMIN C AND SCAR STRENGTH
Vitamin C is an important element in your body’s ability to heal wounds because the creation of scar tissue depends on the collagen protein, and the production of collagen depends on vitamin C. In addition to knitting skin back together, collagen also maintains the integrity of blood vessel walls, thus protecting against stroke and heart disease.
In the Sorby trial, researchers assigned participants zero, 10, or 70 milligrams of vitamin C a day for an average of nine months. The depleted subjects were then repleted and saturated with vitamin C. Experimental wounds were made during this depletion and repletion. The investigators used the scar strength of experimental wounds as a measure of adequate vitamin C levels since poor wound healing, in addition to such conditions as bleeding gums, are an indication of scurvy.
In the end, the Sorby researchers said 10 milligrams a day was enough to ward off signs of scurvy. Partly based on these findings, the WHO recommends 45 milligrams a day. Hujoel says that the findings of the re-analyses of the Sorby data suggest that the WHO’s recommendation is too low to prevent weak scar strength.
OLD DATA, NEW RECOMMENDATIONS
In a bit of scientific detective work, Hujoel says he tracked down and reviewed the study’s data, and with the aid of Margaux Hujoel, a scientist with Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, put the data through modern statistical techniques designed to handle small sample sizes, techniques not available to the original scientists. The results of their work appear in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
The Hujoels discovered that the data from this unique study—which has been a cornerstone used by WHO and other agencies for establishing healthy levels of vitamin C in humans—needed more than an “eyeball method” of data assessment.
“It is concluded that the failure to reevaluate the data of a landmark trial with novel statistical methods as they became available may have led to a misleading narrative on the vitamin C needs for the prevention and treatment of collagen-related pathologies,” the researchers write.
“Robust parametric analyses of the (Sorby) trial data reveal that an average daily vitamin C intake of 95 mg is required to prevent weak scar strength for 97.5% of the population. Such a vitamin C intake is more than double the daily 45 mg vitamin C intake recommended by the WHO but is consistent with the writing panels for the National Academy of Medicine and (other) countries,” they add.
The Hujoels’ study also found that recovery from a vitamin C deficiency takes a long time and requires higher levels of vitamin C. Even an average daily dose of 90 milligrams a day of vitamin C for six months failed to restore normal scar strength for the depleted study participants.
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