Investigators in the Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center (VDRTC) and collaborators at Stanford University have discovered new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation in juvenile human pancreatic islets, information that could lead to new treatments for diabetes.
In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the insulin-producing beta cellsfound in cell clusters in the pancreas, known as pancreatic islets, are either destroyed or become dysfunctional, leading to insulin deficiency. Insulin is the hormone responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels.
The study, one of the first demonstrations of the ability to stimulate growth of human beta cells in a living animal model, is described in a paper published this week by the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
The investigators took viable samples of human pancreatic islet cells obtained from both juveniles, defined as age 10 or younger, and from adults, defined as age 20 to 60 years old. The islet cells were transferred into a mouse model lacking an immune system, which allowed the human cells to survive and function for several months. These types of human islet cells had increased rates of proliferation after transfer into the mouse model, indicating this was an intrinsic property of the juvenile islet cells and not the pancreatic environment.
From previous studies, it was known that beta cell growth rate declines with age, and this study further investigated that age dependence.
Using a drug analogue of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a common clinical treatment for type 2 diabetes, it was shown over a period of four weeks that beta cell proliferation was stimulated only in the juvenile islet cells, but not in the adult cells. In comparing the islet cells, it was discovered that the GLP-1 receptors were similar in both juvenile and adult pancreatic islets, suggesting that pathways inside the human juvenile islet cells were responsible for the different response in adult islet cells.
To further explore the age-dependent proliferation, the team examined the cellular signaling pathways. A pathway is a series of interactions among the molecules of a cell that lead to a specific product or change in a cell.
“We discovered there is a difference in the calcineurin pathway between the juvenile islet cells and the adult islets,” said the study’s co-first author, Chunhua Dai, M.D., research associate professor in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism. “We want to understand that difference because if we can, then we might be able to recreate that in adult islets in order to grow new beta cells. If we could safely stimulate that growth of adult insulin-producing cells, that would be a big deal.”
“We are studying these young islets in a manner that has really never been done before,” said Dai. “Our hope is that this will lead to new insight into what is happening at the molecular level so we can use that knowledge to better treat diabetes.”
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 30 million people or 9.4 percent of the United States population have diabetes. In 2015, more than 1.5 million individuals developed diabetes.
Alvin Powers, M.D., Joe C. Davis Professor of Biomedical Science and director of the VDRTC, said the study’s discoveries are the result of Vanderbilt’s long-standing research expertise in diabetes and pancreas and islet biology.
“This is also a great example of the collaborative studies that are possible as a result of the infrastructure we’ve established here at Vanderbilt, investigations that are also supported by resources and talent available in the Vanderbilt Diabetes Research and Training Center,” Powers said. Powers and Seung Kim, M.D., Ph.D., at Stanford University, were co-senior authors on this manuscript.