September 30, 2024
by Brain Chemistry Labs
Wyoming violets. Credit: Dr. Paul Alan Cox, Brain Chemistry Labs
Glioblastoma is one of the most serious brain diseases known. More than 45% of brain cancers are gliomas. Only half of glioblastoma patients respond to the FDA-approved chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ). Even for those patients, the cancer cells quickly evolve resistance. Most patients pass away within 12 to 16 months after diagnosis, and few make it beyond five years.
Now a glimmer of hope for patients comes from an unlikely place: Jackson Hole, Wyoming, where scientists at the non-profit Brain Chemistry Labs have been studying molecules found in violets.
Violets produce a dazzling suite of small circular peptides called cyclotides. They roughly appear in shape “like floppy frisbees,” says Dr. Samantha L. Gerlach. “They have been found active in the test tube against certain types of human cancer cells.”
Disulfide crosslinks that maintain the shape of cyclotides may help them create pores in the membranes of cancer cells. Within the plant, cyclotides provide protection against insect herbivores, fungal infections, and viruses. Cyclotides were originally discovered from an herbal tea used by indigenous people in Africa to ease the course of childbirth. The tea was made from a plant they call kalata-kalata and that scientists call Oldenlandia affinis.
An international team led by scientists in Jackson Hole announced last week in the Swiss journal Biomedicines that the cyclotide kalata B1 turbocharges the activity of the chemotherapy TMZ, decreasing the amount necessary to kill glioblastoma cells by over ten-fold. Senior author Dr. Gerlach and her colleagues demonstrated that a synthetic version of kalata B1 has equal efficacy to the natural molecule.
Circular peptides in violets may aid in the fight against glioblastomaA representation of the structure and sequences of cyclotides. Panel (A) is a three-dimensional ribbon image of Kalata B1 (PDB 1NB1, SwissProt P56254), while panel (B) is a circular representation of Kalata B1. Panel (C) depicts a ball and stick model created in JSmol. The conserved cysteine residues are highlighted in yellow, while the disulfide bonds are depicted by the red bars in panel (B). Number of amino acids (AA), average molecular weights (ave. mass), and the sequence of amino acids are provided for cyclotides evaluated (panel (D)). Credit: Biomedicines (2024). DOI:
“While kalata B1 commonly occurs in violet species, extraction from plant material yields only miniscule amounts,” Gerlach states. “Working day and night for months, the minimal quantities we obtain are insufficient for clinical research.”
Through a collaboration with CSBio in California, the scientists were able to obtain much larger quantities of the synthetic version sufficient for testing in mouse models of glioblastoma.
The structure and efficacy of synthetic kalata B1 was found to be equivalent in all respects to the naturally occurring molecule. Dr. Krish Krishnan at California State University, Fresno used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to confirm the shape and folding of the synthetic molecule.
“Our cell data suggest that we can now move forward with the synthetic version in mice models,” Dr. Rachael Dunlop at the Brain Chemistry Labs stated. This next step of testing in mice will occur in Vienna, Austria.
While Brain Chemistry Labs Director Dr. Paul Alan Cox believes that the advent of synthetic kalata B1 could be a major step forward, he is cautious about overstating its significance for patients: “We are still a long ways from clinical trials, but now the way is clear to determine if it might be safe for further testing.”
More information: Samantha L. Gerlach et al, Kalata B1 Enhances Temozolomide Toxicity to Glioblastoma Cells, Biomedicines (2024). DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12102216
Provided by Brain Chemistry Labs
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