by University of Zurich
Fig. S1. Syngeneic murine tumor cell growth & efficacy of serotonin depletion and reconstitution therapies in Wt and Tph1-/- mice. (A and B) Tumor weight at the end of the experiment after s.c. injection of syngeneic murine 5*105 MC38 (day 28) and 1*106 Panc02 cell lines (day 35) in Wt and Tph1-/- C57BL/6 mice, respectively (mean±SD, unpaired t-test, n=5 mice/group). (C) Tumor growth after s.c. injection of 5*105 syngeneic murine MC38 cell lines in Wt and Tph1-/- mice and blockade of platelet activation by clopidogrel (20mg/kg over drinking water starting 7d before tumor injections and continued until harvest, mean±SD, linear mixed effect model with Holm correction for multiple comparison, n=5 mice/group, N=1). (D) Intratumoral serotonin concentrations measured by ELISA in control or prasugrel (3mg/kg over drinking water starting 7 days before tumor injections and continued until day 28) treated Wt and Tph1-/- mice at day 28 after s.c. injection of 5*105 syngeneic MC38 cells (mean±SD, Kruskal Wallis test with Holm correction for multiple comparison, n=5 mice/group). (E) Serotonin measurement in the supernatant of in vitro cultivated MC38 cell lines up to 72 hours (serum free medium). Pure medium shown as control (mean±SD, N=1). (F) Serum serotonin concentrations measured by ELISA in control or fluoxetine (20mg/kg over drinking water starting 7 days before tumor injections and continued until harvest) treated Wt and Tph1-/- mice at day 26 after s.c. injection of 5*105 syngeneic MC38 cells (mean±SD, 1-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n=5 mice/group). (G) Serum serotonin concentrations measured by ELISA in control or serotonin precursor 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HTP, 100mg/kg over drinking water starting 3 days before tumor injections and continued until harvest) treated Wt and Tph1-/- mice at day 26 after s.c. injection of 5*105 syngeneic MC38 cells (mean±SD, 1-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test, n=5 mice/group). * = P < 0.05, ** = P< 0.01, *** = P≤0.001, NS. = No significant difference. Credit: DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc8188
Classic antidepressants could help improve modern cancer treatments. They slowed the growth of pancreatic and colon cancers in mice, and when combined with immunotherapy, they even stopped the cancer growth long-term. In some cases the tumors disappeared completely, researchers at UZH and USZ have found. Their findings will now be tested in human clinical trials.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is also known as the happiness hormone because of its beneficial effects on mood. In depressed people, the concentration of serotonin in the brain is reduced. The hormone also influences many other functions throughout the body. The majority of the serotonin is not located in the brain, but is stored in the blood platelets. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are used to treat depression, increase serotonin levels in the brain but decrease peripheral serotonin in platelets.
SSRIs slow tumor growth
The involvement of serotonin in carcinogenesis was already known. Until now, however, the underlying mechanisms had remained obscure. Now, researchers at the University of Zurich (UZH) and University Hospital Zurich (USZ) have shown that SSRIs or other drugs that lower peripheral serotonin levels can also slow cancer growth in mice. “Drugs that are already approved for clinical use as antidepressants could help improve treatment of hitherto incurable pancreatic and colorectal cancers,” says Pierre-Alain Clavien, director of the Department of Surgery and Transplantation.
Although new, effective treatments—such as targeted antibodies or immunotherapies—have been available for several years, most patients with advanced-stage abdominal tumors such as colon or pancreatic cancer die within a few years of diagnosis. One problem is that the tumor cells become resistant to the drugs over time and are no longer recognized by the immune system. Now, the research group led by Pierre-Alain Clavien and Anurag Gupta has discovered the role serotonin plays in this tumor cell resistance mechanism.
Without serotonin, the immune system recognizes the cancer cells again
Cancer cells use serotonin to boost the production of a molecule that is immunoinhibitory, known as PD-L1. This molecule binds to killer T cells, a specific type of immune cell that recognizes and eliminates tumor cells, and renders them dysfunctional. The cancer cells thus avoid being destroyed by the immune system. In experiments with mice, the researchers were able to show that SSRIs or peripheral serotonin synthesis inhibitors prevent this mechanism. “This class of antidepressants and other serotonin blockers cause immune cells to recognize and efficiently eliminate tumor cells again. This slowed the growth of colon and pancreatic cancers in the mice,” Clavien says.
Hope for novel combination therapies
PD-L1, via which serotonin exerts its effect, is also the target of modern immunotherapies, also called immune checkpoint inhibitors. In a next step, the researchers tested a dual treatment approach in mice: They combined immunotherapy, which increases the activity of killer T cells, with drugs that reduce peripheral serotonin. The results were impressive: Cancer growth was suppressed in the animal models in the long term, and in some mice the tumors disappeared completely.
“Our results provide hope for cancer patients, as the drugs used are already approved for clinical use. Testing such drug combinations on cancer patients in clinical trials can be fast-forwarded due to the known safety and efficacy of the drugs,” says Pierre-Alain Clavien.
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