By JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE
PUBLISHED: 09:00 EDT, 2 July 2021 | UPDATED: 09:17 EDT, 2 July 2021
Aspirin is commonly known as a cheap and effective over-the-counter painkiller, but a new study suggests it is also a successful cancer treatment option too.
Academics at Cardiff University carried out a review of prior observational studies in patients with 18 different cancers, including breast, colon, and prostate.
Out of around 250,000 patients, taking aspirin was associated with a reduction of about 20 percent in cancer deaths, compared to those who didn’t take the drug.
Aspirin reduces ‘metastatic spread’ – the spread of cancer within the body, the academics say.
They added that ‘serious consideration’ should therefore be given regarding the use of aspirin alongside – but not instead of – other therapies to treat cancer.
Patients with cancer should be encouraged to raise the topic of aspirin taking with their doctors, the researchers said.
Aspirin is a common, cheap and safe drug that is often prescribed to prevent heart disease and strokes as well as a regular over-the-counter painkiller
The study has been led by Professor Peter Elwood, an honorary professor at Cardiff University who has studied the effects of aspirin for more than 50 years. It is published in eCancermedicalscience.
‘Our research suggests that not only does aspirin help to cut the risk of death but it has also been shown to reduce the spread of cancer within the body – so-called metastatic spread.
‘There is now a considerable body of evidence to suggest a significant reduction in mortality in patients with cancer who take aspirin – and that benefit appears to not be restricted to one or a few cancers.
‘However, we must also stress that aspirin is not a possible alternative to any other treatment.’
Professor Elwood said he had been ‘struck by the actions of aspirin’ on the biological mechanisms relevant to cancer.
‘We, therefore, wanted to review the scientific evidence available on the use of aspirin as an additional treatment for a wide range of cancers,’ he said.
For their paper, the researchers reviewed 118 observational studies, which included 250,000 patients with 18 different cancers.
Cancer cases were principally colon, breast, and prostate, but also included nasopharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bladder, ovary, endometrium, head & neck, lung, leukemia, glioma, melanoma, gastrointestinal (GI), and gastric.
While gastric comes under GI, the latter is a composite diagnosis of tumors in the GI tract, and the former is solely stomach.
Out of the quarter of a million patients, somewhere between 20 and 25 percent reported taking aspirin.
‘Overall, we found that at any time after a diagnosis of cancer, about 20 percent more of the patients who took aspirin were alive, compared with patients not taking aspirin,’ said Professor Elwood.
Aspirin thins the blood, so one of its side effects of daily use is that it increases the risk of internal bleeding
The team therefore also considered the risks of aspirin taking and wrote to an author on each of the papers asking about any stomach or other bleeding episodes.
A small number of patients had experienced a bleed, but there was no evidence of any excess deaths attributable to bleeding in the patients on aspirin, the review said.
Cancer cases were principally colon, breast, and prostate. Pictured, mammogram for breast cancer, which is the most common cancer in the world
Professor Elwood said a number of new clinical trials have been set up to test aspirin treatment in several cancers and the results of these should offer further clear evidence.
‘Further research into aspirin and cancer would clearly be of great value, and new studies should be encouraged, especially if focused on some of the less common cancers, he said.
In 1974, a team led by Professor Elwood and Professor Archie Cochrane at the Medical Research Council’s Unit in Wales was the first to show that taking an aspirin tablet a day reduced deaths from heart disease and stroke by about 24 percent.
The report gained global traction in 1990 and was judged by the BMJ to have been one of the top 50 most important research studies published since 1945.
Professor Elwood said his original study stimulated a new phase of research work on aspirin.
At the time of the report, about 100 clinical research studies on aspirin were published each year – but now, more than 1,000 are reported each year.
Some recent studies reveal the beneficial effects of taking aspirin – in 2016, Massachusetts General Hospital experts found taking just a quarter of an aspirin tablet a day could slash the risk of bowel cancer by a fifth.
The researchers found that the cheap pills, which cost less than 2p per tablet, are particularly effective at warding off cancers of the digestive system.
And in 2015, research at the Leiden University Medical Centre in the Netherlands found that out of 14,000 cancer patients, 75 percent taking a daily dose were still alive five years after being diagnosed.
Meanwhile, the survival rate for those not on aspirin was just 42 percent.
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