by Thamarasee Jeewandara , Medical Xpress
Illustration of the MagneTEskin process. (1) A magnetic coating (black layer) is applied to the epidermal surface of the donor site before harvest. (2) The harvested MSTCs are submerged in either a biomaterial solution (for the biomaterial embedding option) or sterile saline (for the topical binding option). (3) An external magnetic field is applied to induce the MSTCs to align in the same orientation and gather closely together. (4) To increase the packing density and attachment between individual MSTCs (if so desired), excess fluid could be removed by gentle dabbing with an absorbent material and letting the construct air dry. (5) The external magnetic field is removed. (6) For the biomaterial embedding option, the liquid biomaterial is induced to solidify and cross-linked to increase mechanical strength. (7) For the topical binding option, either an adhesive film dressing or a cyanoacrylate surgical glue is applied to the top surface of the assembled MSTCs. (8) The constructs are applied into wound sites. Credit: Science Advances, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0864
Autologous skin grafting is still the gold standard of wound repair. In a new report now published on Science Advances, Christiane Fuchs, and a research team in photomedicine and dermatology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, U.S., discovered a new method to harvest full-thickness micro skin tissue columns (abbreviated MSTCs) with minimal donor site morbidity to apply to wounds randomly and accelerate re-epithelialization. However, the MSTCs could not restore normal dermal architecture due to its random placement. In this study, the team developed a magnetically induced assembly to produce constructs of densely packed and oriented MSTCs that closely resemble the overall architecture of full-thickness skin. The work tested the hypothesis that maintaining the orientation of the MSTCs could further hasten healing to restore a normal dermis. The proposed work led to faster and better constructed re-epithelialization, although it did not improve the retention of dermal architecture to reveal a hitherto unappreciated role for tissue morphology.
Tissue Engineering
Biological tissue can be replaced by transplantation when it’s damaged beyond regeneration by disease or trauma. Harvesting tissue for grafting can create a donor site wound, where donor site morbidity and the limited availability of donor tissue are drawbacks for autologous grafting. The field of tissue engineering emerged to address these drawbacks, where researchers first engineered skin tissue for patient care with initial clinical reports from the early 1980s. A major limitation of engineering artificial skin is their inability to faithfully replicate natural skin—a complex tissue architecture with multiple functions and distinct microstructures. Instead of the typical process of ‘bottom up’ engineering, where tissues are constructed from single cells and biomaterials, Fuchs et al. recently developed a ‘top down’ approach using sub-millimeter scale samples of natural full-thickness skin tissue to form micro skin tissue columns (MSTCs). The approach provided a small enough sample for integration at the donor site for spontaneous healing without scarring or long-term comorbidities.
MagneTEskin method in practice. (A) Photographs of MSTCs before (left) and after (right) application of an external magnetic field. Dark brown coloration on epidermal heads of MSTCs was due to the magnetic coating and is highlighted by the dashed arrow. The magnet is noted by the solid arrow. Video of this process is included in the supplement. (B) Top view of MagneTEskin construct after the removal of the magnetic field. (C) Side view of the same construct showing the packing and alignment of MSTCs. (D) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histology of an assembled construct confirming the proper packing and alignment of MSTCs. Scale bar, 1 mm. (E) Alignment score of ex vivo MagneTEskin constructs showing good alignment of MSTCs, with about 70% within 45° of vertical with the skin surface. (F) By manipulating the magnetic field, MSTCs can be arranged in specific densities and patterns. Photo credits: C. Fuchs and J. Tam, Massachusetts General Hospital. Credit: Science Advances, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0864Preparing micro skin tissue columns (MSTCs) on MagneTEskins
The team randomly sampled MSTCs from natural skin tissue to include diverse cellular and extracellular components in their natural organization structure and microenvironment. In this method, Fuchs et al. copied nature by using fragments of tissue as starting material. The process circumvented the need to replicate the microarchitecture of natural tissue to assemble MSTCs into constructs at the macro-scale. The scientists assembled and implanted the MSTCs in a way to maintain the natural epidermal-dermal orientation of skin with the epidermal heads up, dermal tails down, to observe healing in a porcine wound model. The potential design method could induce and maintain the MSTCs, and assemble them into 3D skin constructs resembling natural skin structure. They have the potential to be completed rapidly for clinical use, be customizable to fit wound dimensions and withstand mechanical perturbations. The scientists combined iron oxide particles with magnetic properties and a safety profile to develop a coating with a commercially available silicone-based wound adhesive and named it the MagneTEskin method. The easily scalable construct facilitated the assembly of large numbers of MSTCs onto accurately oriented skin constructs to resemble natural full thickness in skin in content and architecture.
Biomaterial embedding option led to suboptimal outcomes in vivo. (A) Photographs at designated time points of wounds treated with MagneTEskin constructs embedded in collagen gel and cross-linked with EDC/NHS (top row) or rose bengal photocrosslinking (bottom row). Substantial wound contraction was observed in all experimental groups. Undegraded remnants of the biomaterials could still be seen visually in cross-sectioned biopsies collected at week 7 and confirmed with histology (arrows). Granulomas of various sizes were observed in both EDC/NHS (B) and rose bengal (C) cross-linked collagen biomaterial groups. (D) The fibrin-collagen matrices were quickly degraded but induced an exuberant eosinophilc inflammation. From H&E histology sections, infiltrating eosinophils (yellow arrows) were identified by their distinctive bilobed nuclei and intense, granular cytosolic eosin staining. Eosinophils were diffusively present throughout the wound beds in wounds treated with the collagen-fibrin constructs (1-week sample shown) but were not found in any other treatment/control groups. Scale bars, (B and C) 100 μm and (D) 25 μm. Photo credit: C. Fuchs, Massachusetts General Hospital. Credit: Science Advances, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0864
Embedding biomaterials and binding micro skin tissue columns (MSTCs).
As a primary option, Fuchs et al. embedded and bound MSTCs in a biocompatible matrix using a biomaterial that initially existed in liquid form to allow the free movement of the MSTCs. The material had to be compatible with cell growth and solidify within a short timeframe. The team selected a few biomaterials as options, including bovine type I collagen, a thermo-reversible hydrogel and a mix of collagen and fibrin. The team comparatively observed the retention of MSTCs with MagneTEskin constructs and verified proper alignment using histology. They next placed the MSTC constructs into excision wounds of an animal model and further observed their mechanical properties. As a second option, they secured the aligned MSTCs by binding them only at the epidermal surface. This option was comparatively faster and simpler, while avoiding the introduction of exogenous materials into the wound.
The in vivo response of exogenous biomaterials
Using the various MSTC assembly options, Fuchs et al. next tested wound healing in a porcine full-thickness excision wound model. The team observed the wounds for eight weeks after implantation to understand the long-term effect on healing and tissue remodeling. The constructs containing MSTCs embedded in biomaterial matrices with collagen gels were slow to degrade, where the remaining material triggered foreign body reactions upon implantation. The results highlighted the sub-optimal nature of the biomaterials to produce MagneTEskin constructs. Fuchs et al. noted faster re-epithelialization with well-aligned MSTCs, by topically binding MagneTEskin constructs and evaluating them in the short term after 1-to-2 weeks of implantation. The team also noted successful maintenance of MSTC alignment in the biopsy samples, which they confirmed using histology. After a week, the epidermal heads of the MSTCs were located on the skin surface alongside accurate alignment of adipocytes and dermal tissue. In contrast, when they treated the wounds with random MSTCs, they noted chaotic organization with epidermal fragments and adipocytes haphazardly scattered throughout the wound bed. The MagneTEskin constructs therefore comparatively succeeded to re-epithelialize the wounds with well-formed fully stratified epidermal coverage. Although this strategy led to the retention of the normal dermal architecture within a week of implantation, it faded by two weeks and showed signs of a disrupted architecture by weeks four and eight.
MagneTEskin constructs with topical binding in vivo. (A) MagneTEskin construct immediately after placement into a wound. (B to E) Representative photographs of top (B and D) and cross-sectional (C and E) views of MagneTEskin constructs at 2 weeks after treatment. (C and E) Aligned MSTCs are observable in the cross sections (denoted by arrow heads in the bottom images, which are higher-powered views of the wound beds, specifically the regions highlighted by dotted lines in the top images). Representative photographs of MagneTEskin and control wounds at 8 weeks are shown in (F) and (G), respectively. Edge of images, (F and G) 3 cm. (H) Wound contraction over time was similar between MagneTEskin and random MSTC groups. Photo credits: C. Fuchs and J. Tam, Massachusetts General Hospital. Credit: Science Advances, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0864
Trichrome-stained histology images of the designated experimental groups and time points. (A) The alignment and organization of MagneTEskin constructs was apparent at week 1, with dermal (blue, highlighted by solid arrows) and epidermal (red, highlighted by dashed arrows) elements positioned appropriately at their respective microanatomic locations, and adipocytes mostly confined to the subcutaneous space. The iron oxide coating largely remained at the epidermal surface and was rarely found inside the wound beds. (D) Random application of the same amount of MSTCs resulted in a chaotic architecture at week 1, with epidermal fragments buried deeply under the wound surface (dashed arrows), and adipocytes throughout the wound bed as well as the wound surface (solid arrows). (B) By week 2, MagneTEskin-treated wounds had complete, contiguous epidermal coverage (dashed arrow). The crisscrossing collagen fiber architecture of normal dermis still remained (solid arrows, high-powered view shown in inset) but appeared to be fading compared to week 1. (E) In the random MSTC group, tissue remodeling had also progressed by week 2—The epidermis was mostly located at the wound surface, with occasional epidermal remnants in the dermal regions appearing to be migrating upward (dashed arrows) and fewer intradermal adipocytes compared to week 1 (solid arrows). (C) MagneTEskin construct at week 8. The dermal collagen at this point mostly consisted of fine fibrils arranged in parallel to the skin surface, and the overall architecture was similar to the corresponding random MSTC controls (F). Higher-powered views shown in inset. Scale bars, (main figures) 1 mm and (insets) 50 μm. Credit: Science Advances, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0864Outlook
In this way, Christiane Fuchs and colleagues established a practical strategy known as the MagneTEskin method to regulate and organize tissue cores into defined structures and patterns to produce constructs of densely packed and oriented MSTCs (micro skin tissue columns) that resemble the natural architecture of full thickness skin. The researchers used a large, simple and permanent magnet to orient and align the epidermal surface of skin MSTCs and showed how accurate alignment improved organization faster, to complete re-epithelialization. The advantage of MSTC orientation was, however, temporary in the acute wound model. The researchers aim to restore and maintain the natural dermal architecture, or the ‘holy grail’ of skin tissue engineering by deciphering the underlying mechanisms governing the presentation of normal dermal architecture, to successfully engineer physiologically normal full-thickness skin tissue.
Leave a Reply