by Federico Graciano, Duke-NUS Medical School
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain
Scientists at Duke-NUS Medical School, A*STAR’s Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore General Hospital (SGH) and their colleagues in Singapore have used artificial intelligence (AI) to accelerate the discovery of critical biomarkers that can predict, at diagnosis, patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who will not respond to conventional treatment. With this early prognosis, such patients could receive a life-saving bone marrow transplant during the early stages of the disease.
CML is a type of blood cancer that develops when a genetic mutation results in the permanent switching-on of an enzyme called a tyrosine kinase. The mutation forms in a blood stem cell in the bone marrow, and causes the stem cell to change into an aggressive leukemic cell, which eventually takes over healthy blood production.
The conventional treatment for CML is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), which switches off the tyrosine kinase that was turned on as a result of the genetic mutation. However, not everyone responds similarly to these drugs. At one end of the spectrum, some patients respond exceptionally well—to the point where their life expectancy would be considered normal.
At the other end, some patients hardly respond at all, and their disease progresses to an aggressive state called blast crisis that is resistant to all forms of standard therapy. Because the only treatment for blast crisis is a bone marrow transplant, which would be most effective when performed during the early stages of the disease, finding out if a patient is resistant to TKI therapy sooner could mean the difference between survival or an early death.
“Our work indicates that it will be possible to detect patients destined to undergo blast crisis when they first see their hematologist,” said Associate Professor Ong Sin Tiong, from Duke-NUS’ Cancer & Stem Cell Biology (CSCB) Programme, the study’s senior author. “This may save lives since bone marrow transplants for these patients are most effective during the early stages of CML.”
“Based on these findings, we aim to develop simple clinical tests that can advise physicians on the optimal choice of treatment at the time of diagnosis,” added Dr. Vaidehi Krishnan, Principal Research Scientist with the CSCB Programme and first author of the study.
“Single cell analysis coupled with the power of AI have provided a crystal ball for predicting drug response in leukemia,” said Dr. Shyam Prabhakar, associate director, spatial and single cell systems and senior group leader, systems biology and data analytics at A*STAR’s GIS.
Assoc Prof Ong, together with Dr. Prabhakar and colleagues from SGH, National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore at the National University of Singapore, and the Advanced Cell Therapy and Research Institute, Singapore, generated a cell ‘atlas’ from bone marrow samples taken from six healthy people and 23 patients with CML prior to treatment.
The atlas allowed them to see the different types of cells and their proportions in each sample. The researchers conducted RNA sequencing at the single-cell level and employed machine learning algorithms to determine which genes and molecular processes were turned on and off in each cell.
The work revealed eight statistically significant features in pre-treatment bone marrow cells that were either associated with sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment or extreme resistance to it.
Specifically, patients were more likely to respond well to treatment if their bone marrow samples showed a stronger tendency towards premature red blood cells and a specific type of tumor-destroying ‘natural killer cell’. As the proportions of these cells in the bone marrow shifted, patient response to treatment changed.
The research could lead to drug targets for preventing or delaying treatment resistance and blast crisis in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.
“Treatment outcomes of chronic myeloid leukemia have improved tremendously over the years and many options are now available for our patients. Knowing which treatment works best for our patients will further enhance these outcomes and we are excited by the possibility of being able to do so,” said Associate Professor Charles Chuah, from Duke-NUS’ CSCB Programme, who is also Senior Consultant at the Department of Haematology, SGH and NCCS.
The team next plans to use the findings to develop a predictive test of treatment resistance that hospitals can routinely use with their patients.
The study is published in the journal Blood.
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