by Dennis Thompson

Each hour a person spends squinting into a smartphone or staring at a screen increases their risk of nearsightedness, a new evidence review suggests.

Every daily one-hour increment in digital screen time is associated with 21% higher odds of myopia, researchers report in JAMA Network Open.

What’s more, the risk continues to increase as more time each day is spent with screens, researchers found.

“Myopia risk increased significantly from one to four hours of screen time and then rose more gradually thereafter,” the research team led by Young Kook Kim, an associate professor of ophthalmology with the Seoul National University College of Medicine in South Korea, wrote.

The risk of nearsightedness is doubled for people who spend four or more hours with a screen every day, results show.

The review suggests a “potential safety threshold of less than one hour per day of exposure, with an increase in odds of up to four hours,” the researchers concluded.

By 2050, nearly one-half of the world’s population is expected to be nearsighted, researchers said in background notes.

Nearsightedness is when close-up objects look clear but distant objects appear blurry, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

For example, a nearsighted person can read a map but has trouble seeing well enough to drive a car without glasses or contacts.

“The projected surge in myopia cases is likely fueled by environmental factors prevalent in urbanized societies, with major contributors being increased near-vision activities and reduced outdoor time,” the researchers wrote.

Smartphones, tablets and other screens have “introduced new forms of near-work activity,” researchers said.

“As children increasingly embrace smart devices at younger ages and spend more time on digital screens, there is an urgent need to better understand the association of digital screen time with myopia,” the researchers said.

For the new paper, researchers pooled data from 45 prior studies involving more than 335,000 people.

The data showed a significant dose-response association. In other words, the more time people spend with screens, the greater their risk of nearsightedness.

This risk is independent of other activities that require people to work their near vision, like reading or writing, researchers said.

“It is also likely that digital screen use and other near-vision tasks collectively contribute to myopia risk, potentially influencing the overall dose-response trend,” researchers said.

“This suggests that simply reducing screen time in favor of traditional near-vision activities may not be an effective prevention strategy,” researchers added. “A more effective approach to the mitigation of myopia risk would involve minimizing overall near-work activities while promoting increased outdoor time.”

More information: The American Academy of Ophthalmology has more on nearsightedness.

Ha A, et al. Digital Screen Time and Myopia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. JAMA Network Open. (2025) DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.60026

Journal information:JAMA Network Open

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