By IAN RANDALL FOR MAILONLINE and PRESS ASSOCIATION

• COVID-19 needs two particular proteins to gain access inside target cells
• Researchers used a database of cell types to find which have both proteins
• They found that coronavirus exploits a protein that usually helps fight viruses
• The findings may help experts as they hunt for treatments against COVID-19
• Here’s how to help people impacted by Covid-19

Scientists have identified the particular cells in human lungs, nasal passages and intestines that are the most vulnerable to the new coronavirus.

Experts used a database of which genes are turned on by which cells to identify the cell types which produce the two proteins COVID-19 uses to enter and infect cells.

The team also found that the coronavirus has evolved to exploit interferon, a protein which normally helps the body to fight off viral infections.

The findings may help to guide the development of new drug treatments — or the identification of existing drugs that could be repurposed — to fight COVID-19.

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Shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak began, experts discovered that the virus’ ‘spike’ protein binds to receptor on human cells dubbed ACE2 — short for ‘angiotensin-converting enzyme 2’ — that is thought to protect the lungs from damage.

A second human protein — an enzyme called TMPRSS2 — then helps to activate the spike protein, allowing the coronavirus to gain entry to a target cell if both these binding and activation proteins are present.

‘As soon as we realised that the role of these proteins had been biochemically confirmed, we started looking to see where those genes were in our existing datasets,’ said Jose Ordovas-Montanes of the Boston Children’s Hospital.

‘We were really in a good position to start to investigate which are the cells that this virus might actually target,’ the immunologist added.

The researchers had assembled a database of the results of existing studies — some undertaken by the team themselves — that used so-called ‘single-cell RNA sequencing technology’ to determine which genes are turned on by which cells.

These studies — many of which are part of the Human Cell Atlas project — involved the large-scale analysis of tens of thousands of human, primate and mouse cells.

‘Because we have this incredible repository of information, we were able to begin to look at what would be likely target cells for infection,’ said paper author and chemist Alex Shalek of the Massachussets Institute of Technology.

‘Even though these datasets weren’t designed specifically to study COVID-19, it’s hopefully given us a jump start on identifying some of the things that might be relevant there.’

In their study, the researchers focused on the hundreds of catalogued cell types found in our lungs, nasal passages and intestine — all areas of body known to be infected by the novel coronavirus — in comparison to cells from unaffected organs.

The team found that so-called goblet secretory cells in the nasal passages — which produce mucus — have both of the proteins that COVID-19 needs to infect a cell.

In the lungs, meanwhile, cells called type II pneumocytes that line and support the air sacs of the lungs are similarly susceptible, the researchers discovered.

Finally, absorptive enterocytes — cells in the intestines responsible for the absorption of some nutrients — expressed the RNA for the two proteins more than any other type of intestinal cell.

‘This may not be the full story, but it definitely paints a much more precise picture than where the field stood before,’ Dr Ordovas-Montanes says.

‘Now we can say with some level of confidence that these receptors are expressed on these specific cells in these tissues.’

The researchers’ data also revealed a correlation between the expression of the ACE2 gene with the activation of genes that are turned on by interferon — a protein which the body produces in reaction a viral infection.

When the researchers went on to conduct experiments in which they treated the cells of the human airway with interferon, they found that such turned on the ACE2 gene as well — the first time this connection has been established.

Interferon normally helps the body to fight off infections by both interfering with virus’ ability to replicate, helping to active the body’s immune cells and turning on specific genes that help cells to combat infection.

The team’s findings indicate that coronaviruses may have evolved to subvert part of their host’s natural defences, turning them to their advantage.

‘This isn’t the only example of that,’ Dr Ordovas-Montanes noted.

‘There are other examples of coronaviruses and other viruses that actually target interferon-stimulated genes as ways of getting into cells. In a way, it’s the most reliable response of the host.’

Given how interferon is usually beneficial in fighting off viruses, it is often given to patients in the treatments of infections like hepatitis B and C — however, the team’s findings suggest that it might play a more complicated role in the case of COVID-19.

It’s hard to make any broad conclusions about the role of interferon against this virus. The only way we’ll begin to understand that is through carefully controlled clinical trials,’ Professor Shalek cautioned.

‘What we are trying to do is put information out there, because there are so many rapid clinical responses that people are making. We’re trying to make them aware of things that might be relevant.’

With their initial study complete, Professor Shalek and colleagues are now looking to profile tissue models that include the vulnerable cells they identified.

These models could then be used to test prospective antiviral drug treatments and predict how they might work against an infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Just as other researchers made their data available for use in the current analysis, the team have made their data available to other laboratories who might want to use it.

‘Our goal is to get information out to the community and to share data as soon as is humanly possible, so that we can help accelerate ongoing efforts in the scientific and medical communities,’ said Professor Shalek.

‘There’s been an incredible outpouring of information from the scientific community with a number of different parties interested in contributing to the battle against COVID-19 in any way possible.’

‘It’s been incredible to see a large number of labs from around the world come together to try and collaboratively tackle this.’

The full findings of the study were published in the journal Cell.

SECOND STUDY ALSO FLAGS TWO NOSE CELL TYPES AS BEING SUSCEPTIBLE TO COVID-19

Meanwhile, a second study has also flagged two types of nose cell that are susceptible to COVID-19.

The research further shows that cells in the eye and some other organs also contain the viral-entry proteins.

Previous studies have found that nasal swabs from patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID-19 exhibit higher viral concentrations than those in throat swabs.

COVID-19, which has claimed more than 180,000 lives across the world, affects the lungs and airways.

Symptoms can be flu-like, including fever, coughing and a sore throat, while some people may not experience symptoms but still transmit the virus.

In the worst cases, the virus causes pneumonia that can ultimately lead to death.

It is thought that the virus is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Scientists around the world are trying to understand exactly how the virus spreads, to help prevent transmission and develop a vaccine.

‘We found that the receptor protein ACE2 and the TMPRSS2 protease that can activate SARS-CoV-2 entry are expressed in cells in different organs, including the cells on the inner lining of the nose,’ said paper author Waradon Sungnak, of the Wellcome Sanger Institute.

‘We then revealed that mucus-producing goblet cells and ciliated cells in the nose had the highest levels of both these COVID-19 virus proteins of all cells in the airways’

‘This makes these cells the most likely initial infection route for the virus.’

‘This is the first time these particular cells in the nose have been associated with COVID-19,’ said paper author Martijn Nawijn of the University Medical Centre Groningen, in the Netherlands.

‘While there are many factors that contribute to virus transmissibility, our findings are consistent with the rapid infection rates of the virus seen so far.’

‘The location of these cells on the surface of the inside of the nose make them highly accessible to the virus, and also may assist with transmission to other people.’

The full findings of the study were published in the journal Nature Medicine.