by Wayne Lewis, University of California, Los Angeles
Nanovials containing individual cells (green) and secreted extracellular vesicles (magenta) within their cavities. Credit: Doyeon Koo/UCLA
Selecting specific cells to be used in an investigational therapy has led to improved recovery of heart function in a new study employing a lab model for myocardial infarction, the medical term for heart attacks.
A team led by researchers at the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA and Columbia University developed a sorting method and grouped stem cells based on how many vesicles involved in cellular communication that they released. Treatment with high-secreting cells restored heart function back to a similar state as before the damage from myocardial infarction.
The study is published in Nature Communications.
Numerous treatments under development to fight serious illness use cells as delivery devices for therapeutic molecules or as therapies themselves. Some use mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, a population of cells found in the fat tissue or bone marrow.
To help against heart disease—the most common cause of death in the U.S. and worldwide—one approach aims to heal damaged heart muscle after myocardial infarction by delivering naturally occurring cell secretions called extracellular vesicles.
Extracellular vesicles are an aspect of how cells in the body communicate with one another. They are made up of waxy, protein-laden membranes that can carry DNA and RNA instructions inside. Often involved in reducing inflammation or promoting healing, these vesicles are hypothesized to deliver substantially more information compared to smaller signaling proteins or hormones.
Although MSC-delivered vesicles have been effective in regenerating heart tissue in preclinical research, that success has been difficult to replicate in studies with patients. Part of the reason may be that the rate of vesicle production can vary widely among MSCs from different patients or tissues.
To date, there are no known markers on the cells themselves that can be used to predict which ones will secrete more vesicles, and no methods to sort cells based on this important function.
A closer look at UCLA-developed nanovials, which are hydrogel particles that act as millions of suspendable wells for individual cells. They are made from engineered biomaterials that can be easily modified with different biomolecules such as antibodies and antigens. Credit: CNSI at UCLA
The team sorted MSCs using nanovials, microscopic bowl-shaped hydrogel containers developed by CNSI researchers. The interior of the nanovials were decorated with certain proteins and antibodies that MSCs and vesicles latch onto, enabling the researchers to capture cells individually and filter based on how many vesicles they released using standard instruments in the lab.
When high-secreting MSCs were allowed to grow in culture for two weeks, the expanded populations maintained that high rate of production and grew faster compared to low-secreting MSCs. The scientists evaluated which genes were expressed in the MSCs and found that genes connected to regeneration and blood vessel growth were activated at a greater level in high-secreting cells.
High- and low-secreting MSCs were used to treat myocardial infarction in two groups of mice. After 28 days, both groups showed increases in two measures of heart function, whereas a control group showed a decrease. Notably, those treated with high-secreting cells reached levels approaching the baseline before damage to the heart.
In a lab model, heart tissue treated with high-secreting stem cells (right) showed more regeneration than heart tissue treated with low-secreting cells (middle) or receiving no treatment (left). Credit: Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49123-1
With the study’s evidence that isolating and growing MSCs that release more vesicles can lead to better outcomes after a heart attack, this research could provide a route for realizing the cell therapy’s potential to benefit human health.
More broadly, the findings suggest that other cell-based treatments could be more effective if nanovials are used to select for higher production of therapeutic secretions. Sorting for high-secreting cells may likewise make the manufacturing of medicines derived from cells in a lab more efficient.
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