by Nagoya University Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and characterized by motor signs including bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and reduced postural reflex. More than 50% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are lost at the onset of motor symptoms in PD. Prodromal symptoms, such as dysautonomia,...
