A new genetic test could help diagnose oesophageal cancer up to 8 years before symptoms appear in people at a high risk of the disease, according to new research presented at the National Cancer Research Institute’s (NCRI) Cancer Conference in Liverpool.
University of Cambridge researchers Sarah Killcoyne and Eleanor Gregson looked at tissue samples from people with Barrett’s oesophagus – a common condition of the food pipe that can develop into cancer in around 5% of people.
They retrospectively identified predictive genetic markers in 94% of people who later developed early signs of oesophageal cancer and were able to spot these markers in samples that had been taken many years before symptoms appeared.
Samples used in the study had been taken during routine endoscopies for Barrett’s oesophagus over a period of 15 years. To develop their test the researchers compared the markers between 45 patients who went on to develop early signs of oesophageal cancer and 45 who did not.
There are no tests that accurately predict the small number of people who have Barrett’s oesophagus who go on to develop cancer. Instead, almost all people with the pre-cancerous condition have endoscopies every few years.
But, this new test could mean people with high risk genetic patterns can be closely monitored for early signs that cancer will develop, helping diagnose the disease earlier when treatment is more likely to be successful. This also means the majority of people who are at a low risk of developing oesophageal cancer could have far fewer endoscopies.
Professor Rebecca Fitzgerald, lead researcher based at the University of Cambridge MRC Cancer Unit, said: “Many people with oesophageal cancer are diagnosed when their disease has already spread and is harder to treat. Testing for these new markers during regular checks could help identify people who have a high chance of developing oesophageal cancer. The next step is to test this approach in clinical trials to see if our approach helps diagnose oesophageal cancer sooner when treatment is more likely to be successful.”
Professor Matt Seymour, the NCRI’s clinical research director, said: “Survival for cancer of the gullet remains stubbornly low, and we face big challenges in diagnosing the disease earlier when it is more likely to be treated successfully. Studies like this not only mean we may be able to identify the disease earlier, but may also reveal more about the disease itself. It could be that, as well as helping predict who will develop the disease, these genetic markers could point the way to new treatments.”
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