Peer-Reviewed Publication

MONASH UNIVERSITY

Australian researchers have worked out how to fix a defect that causes lupus, and hope their world-first discovery will offer effective long-term treatment.

Published in Nature Communications, the Monash University-led study found a way to reprogram the defective cells of lupus patients with protective molecules from healthy people.

Using human cells, the new treatment restores the protective side of the immune system that prevents autoimmunity, which is when the immune system attacks its own cells. The findings relate to the autoimmune disease lupus, a debilitating disease with no cure and limited treatments.

But researchers hope this new method, developed in test tubes and proven in pre-clinical models, can also be developed for other autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

Humans all have proteins that the immune system could attack, but this doesn’t happen in healthy people because of special cells called ‘regulatory T cells’ or ‘T-regs’ that protect from autoimmune disease. These are lacking in people who develop lupus and other autoimmune conditions.

Co-senior author Associate Professor Joshua Ooi, who heads Monash University’s Regulatory T Cell Therapies Group based at Monash Health, said the therapeutic effect was achieved by identifying specific protective molecules from healthy people and reprogramming ineffective lupus patient T-regs to restore their ability to switch off unwanted immune responses.

“We showed the effectiveness of this approach using human lupus patient cells, both in the test tube and in an experimental model of lupus kidney inflammation,” Associate Professor Ooi said.

“We were able to completely arrest the development of lupus kidney disease, without the use of the usual non-specific and harmful immunosuppressant drugs. It’s like a reset of the abnormal immune system back to a healthy state – kind of like a major software upgrade. That it uses the patient’s own cells is a very special part of this.”

About one in 1000 Australians has lupus, and rates are higher in First Nations communities. Nine in 10 people with lupus are female and most develop it aged 15-45.

Co-senior author Professor Eric Morand, who is Dean of Monash University’s Sub Faculty of Clinical & Molecular Medicine and founded the Monash Lupus Clinic, described the treatment’s effectiveness as “profound” and a “game-changer”.

Study patients are managed at Monash Health, where Professor Morand is Director of Rheumatology. He said the research team was now designing clinical trials expected to start in 2026 to investigate whether this method was a long-term cure for people with lupus.

“The ability to target, specifically, the disease-causing immune defect, without the need to suppress the entire immune system, is a game-changer,” he said. “Even if the effects are only medium term, we are confident the treatment can be easily repeated as needed.”

Associate Professor Ooi previously discovered that a lack of specific T-regs to stop the immune system from targeting the body can lead to autoimmune disease. The new treatment would involve taking blood cells from the lupus patient, modifying them in the lab to restore this protective effect, then giving them back.

“This project relied on the generous involvement of patients, which enabled us to use human lupus cells every step of the way,” Associate Professor Ooi said. “This allows us to work as close to the human disease as possible in the lab.

“This is a unique characteristic of Monash University — state-of-the-art research labs side-by-side with clinicians and patients, in this case at Monash Health.”

Co-first authors Peter Eggenhuizen, a PhD candidate and Research Fellow with the Centre for Inflammatory Disease Monash University, and Dr Rachel Cheong, former PhD candidate at the Centre for Inflammatory Disease Monash University, are confident the new method can be developed for up to 100 other autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren’s syndrome, scleroderma, and myasthenia gravis.

“This breakthrough offers huge hope not only in lupus but across the spectrum of autoimmune diseases,” Mr Eggenhuizen said. “There is a huge range of autoimmune diseases that could be targeted with this approach.”

Added Dr Cheong: “The great thing is that because the treatment is very specific, it doesn’t harm the rest of the immune system. However, this means that the treatment needs to be carefully developed disease-by-disease, as each one is distinct.”

This research was supported by multiple national and international agencies, including the New-York headquartered Lupus Research Alliance, and was part of a body of work that won Professor Morand and Associate Professor Ooi the 2022 Victoria Prize for Science and Innovation in Life Sciences.

Case study – Vu Nguyen

Vu Nguyen, 39, was diagnosed with Lupus in 1995 aged nine after she developed swelling and pain in her joints. Almost 30 years later, Vu has experienced a range of symptoms, kidney biopsies and hospital stays. She had a stroke when she was 22 and now has epilepsy, which is secondary to lupus.

It took many years to stabilise Vu’s condition, which inspired her to establish Lupus Victoria. A Masters of Marketing graduate, Vu is completing psychological science post-graduate qualifications so she can counsel those who have the disease.

“My main symptoms are now bad functioning kidneys and my epilepsy,” Vu said. “With Lupus, it always changes. I’m currently in remission but I’ve had a lot of ups and downs with this disease. I think the lupus has made my body more prone to having the stroke and subsequent epilepsy. I am good at the moment. It’s just the epilepsy that’s currently attacking my body.

“This new treatment will really help people living with lupus; if the treatment was around 30 years ago it would have made a real difference for me. It could really cut down the many different types of medicines we take. With this procedure, we could possibly need just one treatment.”

JOURNAL
Nature Communications

DOI
10.1038/s41467-024-45056-x

METHOD OF RESEARCH
Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Animals

ARTICLE TITLE
Smith-specific regulatory T cells halt the progression 1 of lupus nephritis

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
6-Feb-2024

COI STATEMENT
The authors declare the following competing interests: Relevant funding was awarded by Lupus Research Alliance Inc., Funder ID 100012051, 588087 and 850279 (J.D.O.), National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Funder ID 501100000925, 2017877 (J.D.O.), Amgen Inc., Funder ID 100002429, 2021026213-001 (J.D.O.), United States Department of Defense, F 697 under id 100000005, LR210065 (J.D.O.). The research has been partially supported by Amgen. PCT patent application (PCT/AU2021/050254) has been filed by Monash University as the sole applicant. Inventors: J.D.O., P.J.E. and E.F.M. The other authors declare no competing interest.