What can’t graphene do? You can scratch “detect cancer” off of that list.
By interfacing brain cells onto graphene, researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have shown they can differentiate a single hyperactive cancerous cell from a normal cell, pointing the way to developing a simple, noninvasive tool for early cancer diagnosis.
“This graphene system is able to detect the level of activity of an interfaced cell,” says Vikas Berry, associate professor and head of chemical engineering at UIC, who led the research along with Ankit Mehta, assistant professor of clinical neurosurgery in the UIC College of Medicine.
“Graphene is the thinnest known material and is very sensitive to whatever happens on its surface,” Berry said.
Mechanisms behind the study:
“Graphene is the thinnest known material and is very sensitive to whatever happens on its surface,” Berry said. The nanomaterial is composed of a single layer of carbon atoms linked in a hexagonal chicken-wire pattern, and all the atoms share a cloud of electrons moving freely about the surface.
“The cell’s interface with graphene rearranges the charge distribution in graphene, which modifies the energy of atomic vibration as detected by Raman spectroscopy,” Berry said, referring to a powerful workhorse technique that is routinely used to study graphene.
The atomic vibration energy in graphene’s crystal lattice differs depending upon its contact with a cancer cell or a normal cell, as stated by Berry. The reason is – the cancer cell’s hyperactivity leads to a higher negative charge on its surface and the release of more protons. “The electric field around the cell pushes away electrons in graphene’s electron cloud,” he said, which changes the vibration energy of the carbon atoms. The change in vibration energy can be pinpointed by Raman mapping with a resolution of 300 nanometers, he said, allowing characterization of the activity of a single cell.
The study, reported in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, looked at cultured human brain cells, comparing normal astrocytes to their cancerous counterpart, the highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme. The technique is now being studied in a mouse model of cancer, with results that are “very promising,” Berry said. Experiments with patient biopsies would be further down the road.
This could also be utilized to visualize tumor relapses, though this would require cell samples to look for cell interfaces with graphene.
The same technique may also work to differentiate between other types of cells or the activity of cells.
This could be used to distinguish between Gram-positive or gram-negative strains of bacteria and to detect sickle cells.
Berry and co-workers introduced nanoscale ripples in graphene, causing it to conduct differently in perpendicular directions that could be employed in the field of electronics. They wrinkled graphene by draping it over a string of rod-shaped bacteria, then shrinking the germs with a vacuum.
They remodeled previous work of laying graphene on cells to laying cells on graphene and studied graphene’s atomic vibrations.